Supreme Court Other Politicians Presidents
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Senator from South Carolina; born in Edgefield, S.C., December 5,
1902; attended the public schools; graduated, Clemson |
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Senator from Wyoming; born in Cody, Park County, Wyo., February
17, 1933; attended public schools; B.A., University of |
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Senator from Wyoming; born in Denver, Denver County,
Colo., September 2, 1931; attended Cody, Wyo. public schools; |
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Representative from New York; born in New York City, June
11, 1930; attended New York City public schools; B.S., |
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Senator from Georgia; born in Perry, Houston County, Ga.,
September 8, 1938; educated in the public schools of Perry, |
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Representative and a Senator from Mississippi; born in Grenada,
Grenada County, Miss., October 9, 1941; graduated from |
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Senator from Louisiana; born in Shreveport, Caddo Parrish, La.,
June 10, 1932; educated in the public schools of Shreveport, |
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A native of Charleston, S.C., Fritz Hollings graduated from the
Citadel in 1942. He then served in World War II as a U.S. |
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JESSE HELMS, Republican, of Raleigh, NC; born in Monroe, NC,
October 18, 1921; attended Wingate College
and Wake Forest College; U.S. Navy, 1942-45; former city editor,
Raleigh Times; administrative assistant to U.S. Senator Willis
Smith, 1951-53, and to U.S. Senator Alton Lennon, 1953; executive
director, North Carolina Bankers Association, 1953-60; executive
vice president, WRAL-TV and Tobacco Radio Network, 1960-72; member:
Raleigh City Council and chairman of Law and Finance Committee,
1957-61; deacon and Sunday School teacher, Hayes Barton Baptist
Church, Raleigh; recipient of two Freedoms |
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Assembly Member Hawkins, a Democrat from Los Angeles, served from
1934 to 1960, succeeding Frederick M. Roberts.
He served on the important Rules |
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Mark Hatfield is a former United States Senator from Oregon who
has been a student, teacher, and practitioner of the At the national level, Senator Hatfield constantly strives to remind his colleagues of what he calls "the desperate human needs in our midst." He has consistently opposed increases in defense spending and United States military involvement abroad while focusing on improving health, education, and social services programs. He is know as an independent legislator who votes his conscience, a trait that has earned him bipartisan respect from his colleagues. Much of his success in the Senate can be attributed to his unique ability to work across party lines to build coalitions which secure the enactment of legislation. Senator Hatfield serves as Chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee. He is also a member of the Energy and Natural Resources Committee, the Rules Committee, the Joint Committee on the Library, and the Joint Committee on Printing. Senator Hatfield was born on July 12, 1922, in Dallas, Oregon. He is the son of Dovie Odom Hatfield, a school teacher, and Charles D. Hatfield, a railroad construction blacksmith. He and his wife, the former Antoinette Kuzmanich, were married in 1958. They have four children and three grandchildren. Senator Hatfield graduated from Salem High School and earned a Bachelor of Arts Degree from Willamette University in 1943. Following World War II, Senator Hatfield earned a Master's Degree in political science from Stanford University in 1948 and later returned to Willamette University to serve as professor of political science and Dean of Students. He has a passion for rare books and presidential history and is well known as an aficionado of Herbert Hoover and Abraham Lincoln. |
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Keeping in touch with Iowans enables Sen. Chuck Grassley to bring
Iowa common sense to official Washington. From the
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Before he became one of the country's foremost conservative
spokesmen, there were many other Barry Goldwate |
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Ervin died at about 4:15 p.m. at North Carolina Baptist Hospital
in Winston-Salem, N.C., where he had been undergoing Ervin became so popular that "Senator Sam" T-shirts and buttons
appeared all over the country, but he was far from being a pop cult
figure. At a time when Americans were buffeted by the Vietnam War
and Watergate and increasingly distrustful of their leaders, Ervin
came across as a stern father figure who wasn't confused about what
was right and wrong, moral and evil, and who took for granted the
moral courage to stand up for what was right.
Ironically, it was because he was a strict constitutionalist whose
interpretation of a document he revered defied ideology or party
lines - the sort of person Nixon professed to admire - that Ervin
was the choice of then-Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield
(D-Mont.) to head the special committee. "Sam is the only man we could have selected on either side who
would have the respect of the Senate as a whole," Mansfield said.
Ervin came to an uncomplicated verdict on Watergate: Nixon and
his chief aides tried to pull some funny business in order to weaken
the Democratic presidential ticket and enhance Nixon's chances for
reelection in 1972, tried to lie about it and cover it up in
violation of the law, and got caught. His remarks at the opening of
his committee hearings underscored the profound seriousness with
which he viewed the Watergate case. He used country humor to help bring down Sen. Joseph McCarthy (R-Wis.), who terrorized a large proportion of the political community, including the Senate, in the early 1950s. Shortly after he arrived at the Capitol in 1954, then-Vice President Nixon appointed Ervin to a committee to study whether McCarthy should be censured, an assignment few were eager to take. The fledgling senator helped strip away the awe in which many of his colleagues held McCarthy with a notable speech in which he said that McCarthy reminded him of the preacher who didn't like the top knots women were wearing and wanted to denounce them as being counter to the will of God, although he had trouble finding an appropriate biblical text to support his argument. Finally, the preacher delivered a sermon entitled "Top Knot Come Down," and someone asked him his source. The preacher cited Matthew 24:17, which reads: "Let him who is on the housetop not come down to take anything out of his house." Much of Ervin's colleagues' apprehension dissolved in laughter and Ervin followed up in a speech advocating that McCarthy be censured. Ervin came by his views and expressions directly. Born in Morganton on Sept. 27, 1896, a descendant of Scots-Irish Calvinists, he began memorizing the King James version of the Bible under the tutelage of his pious mother. His father, a fiery, flamboyant, self-taught lawyer, made Ervin the most formidable name in Burke County, N.C., and gave his son a reverence for the Constitution. After graduating from the University of North Carolina in 1917, Ervin joined the Army and was sent to France during World War I. After resigning his commission because of his dissatisfaction with his performance in combat, he won the Distinguished Service Cross, the Silver Star and two Purple Hearts for heroism as an enlisted man. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1922, then practiced law in Morganton; served three terms in the state Assembly, where he helped defeat a bill prohibiting the teaching of the theory of evolution, and served on the state Supreme Court from 1948 to 1954. As a strict constitutional constructionist, he was the delight of liberals for supporting civil liberties, opposing "no knock" search laws, data banks and lie-detector tests as invasions of privacy. In 1966, he helped defeat a constitutional amendment that would have allowed prayer in school and appeared headed for enactment. But Ervin opposed almost all civil rights legislation on the grounds that they took rights away from others, whites - to hire whom they wanted, to sell their homes to whom they wanted, to go to school where they wanted - and that preserving the Constitution was more important than redressing blacks' grievances. He turned around on the landmark school desegregation case, Brown v. Board of Education, however, because of his belief that it didn't discriminate against whites. |
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American politician and United States
senator (1969-1996). He was born in Russell, Kansas. Dole suffered
severe wounds In 1976 President Gerald Ford asked Dole to be his vice-presidential running mate. They were narrowly defeated. After several unsuccessful bids for the presidential nomination of the Republican Party, Dole became leader of Republicans in the Senate in 1985. Dole resigned his Senate seat in 1996 to campaign for the presidency. He won the Republican nomination, but was defeated in the general election by incumbent President Bill Clinton. |
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Robert Byrd was born Corneilius Calvin Sale, Jr., in North
Carolina in 1917. He lost his mother before he was a year old and |
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Auctioneer, broadcaster, county commissioner, football referee,
livestock fieldman and Marine, Senator Conrad Burn Burns became Montana's 19th United States Senator on January 2, 1989. In 1988, Burns defeated incumbent Senator John Melcher by a 52 to 48 percent margin, becoming only the second Republican Senator ever elected from his state. He was the only Republican challenger to defeat an incumbent that year. As Montana's representative, Burns has worked for a healthy job base for Montanans; effective, fiscally responsible government; tax reform; realistic health care reform; the expansion of Montana's agricultural industry and preservation of natural resource-based jobs; and increased individual opportunity through telecommunications. |
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Senator Richard Bryan was re-elected to a second term in the
United States Senate on November 8, 1994. Senator Bryan, a For more than a decade, Bryan has been the most ardent defender of Nevadans' health and safety by opposing the federal government's plans to locate a permanent high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain. Recent efforts by the nuclear power industry have focused on making Nevada a so-called “interim storage” site for nuclear waste at the Nevada Test Site. Senator Bryan is aggressively fighting this interim storage legislation which would actually create a de facto permanent storage and which waives almost all health, safety and environmental standards. Since coming to the Senate in 1989, Senator Bryan has gained a national reputation as an advocate for consumers. As the former Chairman of the Senate Consumer Subcommittee, Senator Bryan was responsible for enacting laws to combat errors in the credit reporting system giving new powers to consumers to correct errors found on their credit reports and putting the burden of proof on the credit bureaus. He has also led the fight against telemarketing fraud and to improve auto safety. The Senator has also worked to ban ATM fees, and to stop “telephone slamming.” Senator Bryan has been recognized for his efforts to balance the federal budget and cut unnecessary government programs. His record on budget cutting resulted in his being named to the Concord Coalition’s Deficit Hawk Honor Roll. Bryan also received the "Spirit of Enterprise Award" from the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, given to Members of Congress who have an exceptional voting record on business issues. Bryan is an original sponsor of a Constitutional Amendment to require a balanced budget and has introduced and supported numerous budget cutting amendments on the Senate floor. He led the successful fight to cut the controversial program from NASA’s budget which sought to contact aliens in space. Bryan continues the fight to eliminate the Market Access Program, an agricultural program which provides American and foreign companies with hundreds of millions of taxpayer dollars to advertise their products overseas. Senator Bryan is a leading protector of the environment. He helped establish the Spring Mountains National Recreation Area and the Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area. Senator Bryan is working to help the Las Vegas Valley better manage growth by changing the way federal lands are turned over for development. His bill, the Southern Nevada Public Lands Management Act would require BLM lands, identified for development, be auctioned to the highest bidder, thereby ensuring taxpayers of the highest price and giving local government a greater say in development decisions. Senator Bryan established and now serves as Chairman of the Board of the Corporation for Solar Technology and Renewable Resources, which is working to bring the solar power industry to Nevada. He is also a leading advocate of protecting Nevada’s jewel in the North -- Lake Tahoe. For nearly four years Senator Bryan fought to protect the environmentally pristine Galena property located near Mount Rose. As a member of the powerful Senate Finance Committee, Senator Bryan is in a unique position to protect Nevada’s gaming industry, which employs more than 200,000 Nevadans. In recent years, the gaming industry has been under attack in Congress, culminating in the creation of the National Gambling Impact Study Commission, formed by some of gaming’s most ardent foes. Bryan is also working to reform the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act and crack down on illegal Indian gaming operations in several states, including California. Senator Bryan’s position on the Senate Finance Committee has also given him a forum to help protect programs which are important to Nevada's large senior citizen population. He has worked to ensure that the Medicare system remain solvent for today’s Medicare recipients and future generations. When it was determined that the federal budget would run a surplus for the first time in 30 years, Senator Bryan joined with others in calling for the surplus to be used to protect Social Security. Believing that long-term economic prosperity is closely tied to quality education, Senator Bryan has consistently worked to improve education in Nevada. As Governor, Richard Bryan created and chaired a commission on educational excellence. Today, as United States Senator he supports policies by the federal government that encourage educational opportunities for all children. Senator Bryan has a long and successful career of public service in Nevada. His service began in the law enforcement field, serving as Clark County Deputy District Attorney in 1964. Senator Bryan later went on to be Clark County's first public defender. His first elected position came with the Clark Country voters sending him to the State Assembly in 1968, where he served until 1972. That year, he was elected to the State Senate. Bryan's law enforcement background served him well as Nevada's Attorney General. First elected in 1978, Bryan served as Nevada's chief law enforcement officer until 1982. The veteran prosecutor and lawmaker was elected by the people of Nevada to be Governor in 1982 and was re-elected in 1986. Bryan ran and won his seat in the United States Senate in 1988 and was re-elected to his second term in 1994 |
Wyoming 1955; entered the United States Marine Corps as a private
1955, released as a captain 1959; executive vice president, Wyoming
Farm Bureau 1966-1975; natural resource director 1971-1975; general
manager, Wyoming Rural Electric Association 1975-1989; independent
small businessman; state representative, Wyoming, 1984-1989; elected
as a Republican to the One Hundred First Congress, by special
election, April 26, 1989, to fill the vacancy caused by the
resignation of Richard B. Cheney; reelected to the One Hundred
Second and One Hundred Third Congresses and served from April 26,
1989 to January 3, 1995; was not a candidate for reelection to the
House of Representatives in 1994, but was elected to the United
States Senate in 1994 for the term commencing January 4, 1995.
graduated, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo., 1954; graduated,
University of Wyoming Law School 1958; admitted to the Wyoming bar
in 1958 and commenced practice in Cody; served in the United States
Army, Infantry, 1954-1956; assistant attorney general of Wyoming
1958-1959; city attorney, Cody, Wyo.; United States Commissioner
1959-1969; member, Wyoming house of representatives 1964-1977;
elected as a Republican to the United States Senate, November 7,
1978, for the six-year term commencing January 3, 1979; subsequently
appointed by the Governor, January 1, 1979, to fill the vacancy
caused by the resignation of Clifford P. Hansen for the term ending
January 3, 1979; reelected in 1984 and again in 1990 and served
January 1, 1979 to January 3, 1997; not a candidate for reelection
in 1996; Republican whip (1985-1995); chairman, Committee on
Veterans’ Affairs (One Hundred Fourth Congress).
New York University School of Commerce, Washington Square, N.Y.,
1957; LL.B. (J.D.), St. John’s Law School, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1960;
entered United States Army in 1948 and was discharged as a staff
sergeant in 1952; admitted to the New York bar in 1960 and commenced
practice in New York City; assistant United States Attorney, 1963;
counsel to speaker of the New York State assembly, 1965; counsel to
the President’s Commission to Revise the Draft Laws, 1966;
secretary, New York State Penal Law and Code Revision Commission;
member, State assembly, 1966-1970; elected as a Democrat to the
Ninety-second and fourteen succeeding Congresses (January 3,
1971-January 3, 2001); chairman, Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse
and Control (Ninety-eighth through One Hundred Third Congresses).
Ga.; attended Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga.,
1956-1959; graduated, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga., 1960; received
a law degree from the same university 1962; served in the United
States Coast Guard 1959-1960, Reserve 1960-1968; admitted to the
Georgia bar in 1962 and commenced practice in Perry; farmer; member,
Georgia house of representatives 1968-1972; elected as a Democrat to
the United States Senate, November 7, 1972, to fill the vacancy
caused by the death of Richard B. Russell for the term ending
January 3, 1973, and at the same time elected for the six-year term
ending January 3, 1979; reelected in 1978, 1984, and again in 1990
and served from November 8, 1972 to January 3, 1997; not a candidate
for reelection in 1996; chairman, Committee on Armed Services
(One-Hundredth through One Hundred Third Congresses); resumed the
practice of law in Atlanta, 1997; part-time, unpaid professor, Sam
Nunn School of International Affairs, Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, 1997-; co-chair, Concord Coalition.
La.; attended Washington and Lee University and United States
Military Academy; graduated, Louisiana State University Law School,
Baton Rouge, La., 1956; admitted to the Louisiana bar in 1956 and
commenced practice in Shreveport; served in the United States Army,
Judge Advocate General Corps, Germany, 1956-1959; member, Louisiana
house of representatives 1964-1968, serving as floor leader; member,
State senate 1968-1972; elected as a Democrat to the United States
Senate, November 7, 1972, for the term commencing January 3, 1973;
subsequently appointed by the Governor to complete the unexpired
term caused by the death of Allen J. Ellender, for the term ending
January 3, 1973, left vacant by the resignation of Elaine S.
Edwards; reelected in 1978, 1984, and again in 1990 and served from
November 14, 1972 to January 3, 1997; not a candidate for reelection
in 1996; chairman, Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee
(Ninety-fourth Congress), Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
(One Hundredth through One Hundred Third Congresses); engaged in the
consulting and development businesses.
Army officer in North Africa and Europe. He was decorated with seven
campaign stars, including the Bronze Star Medal. He attended the
University of South Carolina School of Law from which he graduated
in 1947. The following year Hollings was elected to the South
Carolina House of Representatives. After a term as a state
representative, he was elected twice to be Speaker Pro Tempore. In
1955, he became South Carolina's lieutenant governor. Four years
later, he was elected governor. In 1966, Hollings was elected to the
United States Senate, and has been re-elected five times. He is the
sixth-ranking senior member of the Senate and is the fifth-leading
senior Democrat. In the 103rd Congress, Hollings chaired the Senate Committee on
Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the Senate Appropriations
Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, State, and Judiciary. He was a
member of the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense and the
Senate Budget Committee.
Foundation awards for
radio-television editorials; recipient of annual citizenship awards
from North Carolina American Legion, North Carolina Veterans of
Foreign Wars, and Raleigh Exchange Club; recipient of Outstanding
Service Award of the Council Against Communist Aggression; the
Richard Henry Lee Award; and the Order of Lafayette Freedom Award;
former trustee, Meredith College, John F. Kennedy College, the
Delaware Law School, Campbell University and Wingate College;
president, Raleigh Rotary Club, 1969-70; 33 Degree Mason, Grand
Orator, Grand Lodge of Masons of North Carolina, 1964-65, 1982,
1991; member, board of directors, North Carolina Cerebral Palsy
Hospital; member, board of directors of Camp Willow Run, a Youth
Camp for Christ at Littleton, NC; married Dorothy Jane Coble of
Raleigh, October 31, 1942; three children: Jane (Mrs. Charles R.
Knox), Nancy (Mrs. John C. Stuart), and Charles; seven
grandchildren; elected to the U.S. Senate, November 7, 1972;
reelected in 1978, 1984, 1990 and 1996.
Committee of the Assembly during
part of his over twenty years in the Legislature. His agenda
continually focused on education, labor and employment issues.
American political system for virtually his entire life. A veteran
of the Pacific Theater in World War II, Mark Hatfield has dedicated
his life to preventing and ending armed conflict and improving the
human condition through a lifetime of public service. While teaching political science and serving as Dean of Students
at his alma mater, Willamette University, Mark Hatfield began his
political career in the Oregon Legislature in 1950. After two terms
in the Oregon House of Representatives and two years in the Oregon
Senate, he became the youngest Secretary of State in Oregon history
in 1956 at age 34. He was elected Governor of Oregon in 1958 and
came the state's first two-term governor in the Twentieth Century
when he was re-elected in 1962. He has never lost an election. In 1966, then Governor Mark Hatfield was elected to the United
States Senate as an outspoken critic of the war in Vietnam. In
August of 1993, he became the longest serving U.S. Senator from
Oregon, surpassing the previous record set by Senator Charles
McNary. A deeply religious man, Hatfield has always sought peaceful
resolutions to world conflicts and domestic disputes. As a
Lieutenant, j.g. in the U.S. Navy during World War II, Hatfield saw
battle at Iwo Jima and Okinawa and was among the first U.S.
servicemen to enter Hiroshima following the atomic bombing. His experience during the war and his compassion for life have
made him an ardent proponent for nuclear disarmament. Hatfield's
tireless efforts to bring an end to the proliferation of nuclear
weapons culminated in 1992 with the passage of legislation he
authored calling for an end to U.S. nuclear testing. As Chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee, Senator
Hatfield has provided for the development of major public works
projects throughout Oregon and the Pacific Northwest. The results of
his efforts can be seen in the reforestation of millions of acres of
federal forest lands, in the Portland Metropolitan area's light rail
system, the new Bonneville Lock on the Columbia River, the Marine
Science Center in Newport, the Oregon Health Sciences University,
the University of Oregon, Oregon State University, Portland State
University and numerous other projects around the state. 
river towns along the mighty Mississippi to the farm communities
nestled among the Loess Hills in Western Iowa, Chuck Grassley stays
well-informed by holding open meetings in each of Iowa’s 99 counties
every year. A hallmark of Grassley’s commitment to make
representative government work, the senior senator from Iowa works
hard to give individual Iowans a voice in Washington. Plus, from his
assignments on Capitol Hill, Grassley is where he needs to be to
advocate for Iowans in Congress.
The only working family farmer in the U.S. Senate, Grassley brings
true grit to his congressional oversight responsibilities. Seeking a
more accountable government, Grassley works to keep Washington
honest. Whether it’s tracking constituent casework or going
head-to-head with the Pentagon, Grassley works to make the federal
government work better. He successfully led a six-year campaign to
make Congress live under the same laws as the rest of the country.
Sinking his teeth into the federal government’s bureaucratic
alphabet soup, Grassley has fostered reforms of the Internal Revenue
Service (IRS), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Health
Care Financing Administration (HCFA), the federal agency that runs
Medicare, and the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS).
Keeping a vigil against waste, fraud and abuse, Grassley also is a
nine-time recipient of the Taxpayer’s Friend Award. As the second
most senior member of the Senate Budget Committee, Grassley
champions fiscal discipline. Involved in negotiating the Balanced
Budget Act of 1997, Grassley helped shepherd through Congress the
first balanced federal budget since 1969. 
rs:
The mischievous young man, department store head, photographer, ham
radio operator, Phoenix councilman, Kachina collector, pilot,
explorer and presidential candidate.
He once discovered a natural bridge in the Grand Canyon and he
started a national fad in men's undershorts.
Goldwater was born in what then was the Arizona Territory on Jan. 1,
1909, in Phoenix, the son of Baron and Josephine Williams Goldwater,
who lived at 710 N. Center St., which is now Central Avenue.
Goldwater's grandparents, Michael and Sarah Goldwasser, were
Polish-Jewish immigrants who moved from Europe to San Francisco in
1852 in search of gold. They eventually settled in Arizona,
establishing a store in Prescott, the capital of the new territory.
Goldwater attended Phoenix Union High School, and although he became
president of the freshman class, he almost failed. He was a poor
student who appeared to be more interested in pranks, such as firing
a miniature cannon at the steeple of a Methodist church.
His father enrolled him in Staunton Military Academy in Virginia,
and he flourished under the regimentation, playing sports, earning
academic honors and graduating in 1928.
He enrolled the next year at the University of Arizona, driving a
1925 Chrysler roadster, playing football, becoming a class leader
and joining a fraternity.
"There is something essentially Western about his personality,"
observed the late Howard Pyle, a longtime friend of Goldwater's.
Goldwater's lifelong pal Harry Rosenzweig recalled an evening when
Goldwater had a good time at the Phoenix Country Club and "wrecked
the place" before the night was over. He mailed a check to cover the
damages the next day.
Goldwater's carefree college days ended after a year because of his
father's sudden death of a heart attack on March 6, 1929.
The 20-year-old Goldwater then joined the family business, then the
oldest retail mercantile company in the state. The boss' son had to
work his way up and, like his father, to start as a clerk. He also
worked as a salesman and spent a year in the firm's New York buying
office.
In 1937, at age 28, Goldwater became president of the stores. He
held that position until 1953, except for 1941-45, when he was a
pilot with the Army Air Forces. He then became chairman of the board
and remained there until after the stores were sold.
While managing Goldwater's, he created a national marketing hit in
1938 when he dreamed up and designed "antsy pants" - men's shorts
that were white with designs of red ants on them.
"You'll rant and dance with ants in your pants," Goldwater's
advertisements promised.
Goldwater met Margaret Johnson in December 1930, when she and her
mother went into the store. Her family lived in Muncie, Ind., and
spent the winters in Phoenix.
The two began dating two years later and were engaged in December
1933. Goldwater said he proposed in a phone booth, while the two
were waiting to make a phone call.
"I told her I was running out of money and out of patience. For the
umpteenth time I asked her to marry me. She said yes."
They married in Muncie on Sept. 22, 1934.
Their first child, a daughter, Joanne, was born on Goldwater's
birthday, Jan. 1, 1936. Barry Jr. was born in 1938, Michael in 1940
and Peggy in 1944. "Peggy and I have had four children. We have
known joy and sorrow
together. We have encountered pain and illness. We have suffered
separation for long periods of time. Through it all she has been my
strength, my companion, a part of my private world where no other
human beings, not even our children, have been allowed to enter,"
his autobiography said.
Goldwater entered politics in 1949 as a founding member of the
Charter Government party, formed by leading Phoenix businessmen to
purge the city of corruption. In the 1949 municipal vote, he was
elected to the City Council and was the top vote-getter on the
ticket. He was re-elected in 1951.
In between times, he served as campaign manager to his longtime
friend Howard Pyle, who was elected governor of Arizona in 1950.
One secret he shared only with his wife until publication of his
book Goldwater in 1988 was that he never really wanted to be
president and that he knew he would lose the 1964 election.
"My effort became an effort to take the control of the Republican
Party away from the Eastern Seaboard and move it here to the Rocky
Mountains and the West. And we did," he wrote.
"I really wouldn't (have liked being president)," Goldwater added.
"Ike (Eisenhower) told me one day that he had signed 1,300
signatures. Now that takes all day. So when do you have time to sit
down and worry about the world?"
He dedicated the book Goldwater to Peggy's memory and in it recalled
the pain of her death in 1985 after complications resulting from the
amputation of her leg. She was 76.
"I phoned her four or five times every day for months after
returning to Washington," Goldwater wrote. "The phone would ring and
ring. Then her memory would fall away and my face would collapse
into my hands. The healing process has been slow and painful." 
artificial kidney dialysis. He had been hospitalized March 30 in his
home town of Morganton, N.C., for treatment of emphysema and an
infected gall bladder, and developed kidney failure after undergoing
gall bladder surgery there.
"The cause of death was attributed by his doctors to respiratory
failure which developed during the day," a hospital spokesman said.
"The kidney failure for which Mr. Ervin was admitted to the center
was a significant contributing factor." Ervin served 20 years in the U.S. Senate, beginning in 1954 at
the height of the McCarthy era and ending with his retirement in
December 1974, four months after the resignation of President
Richard M. Nixon. As chairman of the Senate Select Committee to
Investigate Campaign Practices - known more popularly as the "Ervin
Committee" or the "Watergate Committee" - which was established to
investigate Watergate, Ervin was a major figure in Nixon's downfall.
With his arching eyebrows and flapping jowls that signaled his moral
indignation at much of the testimony before his committee, his
half-country, half-courtly demeanor and his predilection for making
points by quoting the Bible and Shakespeare and telling folksy
stories, Ervin quickly became a hero to many. 
during World War II (1939-1945) and left the military with a
disabled right arm. In 1960 he was elected as a Kansas
representative to the Congress of the United States, where he
opposed many of the liberal spending policies of the Democratic
administrations of John Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson. Dole was elected
United States senator in 1968. Dole sometimes deviated from his
strict conservatism, especially in supporting aid to feed the hungry
and civil rights legislation. He married Elizabeth Hanford in 1975.
was adopted by an aunt and her coal-miner husband, Dalton Byrd. As a
boy, Byrd worked at various jobs and walked a great distance to
catch a bus to school. He completed 12 grades of schooling in 10
years and graduated at the top of his class in 1934. Later, he
served as a state senator, in 1952 won a seat in the U.S. House of
Representatives, and later in the Senate, eventually finishing law
school by attending night classes.
s
became the first Republican in the history of Montana to be elected
to a second term in November 1994. He won the election with more
than 62 percent of the vote. 
native of Southern Nevada and a former two-term Governor, has
pursued a challenging and demanding agenda focusing on issues that
affect our nation, while protecting Nevada's interests in Congress.